Multiple+Shooter+Theory

=Multiple Shooter Theory and his life= By The Flying Pigs

=Evaluation= We believe that John F. Kennedy was killed by multiple shooters. On november 22, 1963 the presidential motorcade drove onto Elm street with the president, his wife, governor Connally, and his wife. Kennedy had a tough time getting many of his domestic programs through Congress. However, he did get an increased minimum wage, better Social Security benefits, and an urban renewal package passed. He created the Peace Corps, and his goal to get to the moon by the end of the 60's found overwhelming support. On the [|__Civil Rights__] front, Kennedy initially did not challenge Southern Democrats. [|__Martin Luther King, Jr.__] believed that only by breaking unjust laws and accepting the consequences could African Americans show the true nature of their treatment. The press reported daily on the atrocities occurring due to nonviolent protest and civil disobedience. Kennedy used executive orders and personal appeals to aid the movement. His legislative programs, however, would not pass until after his death.**John Fitzgerald Kennedy, the 35th president of the United States, is assassinated while traveling through Dallas, Texas, in an open-top convertible. First lady Jacqueline Kennedy rarely accompanied her husband on political outings, but she was beside him, along with Texas Governor John Connally and his wife, for a 10-mile motorcade through the streets of downtown Dallas on November 22. Sitting in a Lincoln convertible, the Kennedys and Connallys waved at the large and enthusiastic crowds gathered along the parade route. As their vehicle passed the Texas School Book Depository Building at 12:30 p.m., Lee Harvey Oswald allegedly fired three shots from the sixth floor, fatally wounding President Kennedy and seriously injuring Governor Connally. Kennedy was pronounced dead 30 minutes later at Dallas' Parkland Hospital. He was 46. **

Knowledge
=== __ Jean Hill __ __, a woman who told of seeing a Grassy Knoll shooter, of seeing Jack Ruby in Dealey Plaza, and of being waylaid and intimidated by phony "Secret Service agents" in the minutes following the assassination. __=== = = =JFK AND HIS POLICIES = =Kennedy's foreign policy began in failure with the Bay of Pigs debacle (1961). A small force of Cuban exiles were to lead a revolt in Cuba but were captured instead. US reputation was seriously harmed. Kennedy's confrontation with Nikita Khrushchev in June 1961 led to the construction of the Berlin Wall. Further, Khrushchev began building nuclear missile bases in Cuba. Kennedy ordered a "quarantine" of Cuba in response. He warned that any attack from Cuba would be seen as an act of war by the USSR. This stand off led to the dismantling of the missile silos in exchange for promises that the US would not invade Cuba. Kennedy also agreed to a Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in 1963 with Britain and the USSR. = Two other important events during his term were the Alliance for Progress (the US provided aid to Latin America) and the problems in Southeast Asia. North Vietnam was sending troops through Laos to fight in South Vietnam. The South's leader, Diem, was ineffective. America increased its "military advisors" from 2000 to 16000 during this time. Diem was overthrown but new leadership was no better. When Kennedy was killed, Vietnam was approaching a boiling point.**_http://americanhistory.about.com/od/johnfkennedy/p/pkennedy.htm__**
 * [|__Roger Craig__], who testified to seeing Oswald flee the scene in a Rambler station wagon with an accomplice, to seeing a Mauser recovered in the sixth floor of the Depository, and to have witnessed a confrontation in Dallas Policy headquarters that implicated Ruth Paine in the assassination.
 * [|__Beverly Oliver__], who claims to have seen Oswald and Ruby together in the Carousel Club, and to have photographed the assassination in Dealey Plaza (with the FBI confiscating the film).
 * [|__Ed Hoffman__], who claimed to have seen a Grassy Knoll shooter.
 * [|__Charles Crenshaw__], doctor at Parkland Hospital, who claimed that President Johnson called while Lee Oswald was being treated and demanded that a confession be extracted.
 * [|__Robert Morrow__], who claims to have been a CIA agent, and to have supplied weapons for the shooters in Dealey Plaza.
 * [|__John Elrod__], who claimed to have shared a cell in the Dallas jail with Lee Oswald.
 * [|__James Files__], who claims to have been the Grassy Knoll shooter in Dealey Plaza.
 * [|__Gordon Novel__], who claimed to be a CIA agent, first worked with the Garrison investigation and then turned into a Garrison suspect.
 * [|__Judyth Vary Baker__], a fellow employee of Oswald's at the Reily Coffee Company in the summer of 1963, claims to have been Oswald girlfriend, and involved with him in a secret bioweapons project that intended to kill Castro but ended up killing Kennedy.
 * = [|__Richard Case Nagell__], who claimed to have worked for the CIA and the KGB, and to have had "foreknowledge" of the JFK assassination. =
 * [|__Robert Knudsen__], Navy photographer who claimed to have photographed Kennedy's autopsy.
 * [|__Tom Tilson__], who claims to have seen a man with a gun (presumably a Grassy Knoll shooter) scramble down the slope behind the Knoll in the minutes following the assassination.
 * [|__Madeleine Brown__], who claimed to have been LBJ's lover, and to have attended a very suspicious party on the eve of the assassination.
 * [|__Gordon Arnold__] claimed to have been on the Grassy Knoll during the shooting, to have heard a shot whiz past his left ear, and to have been confronted by a man who confiscated his camera.
 * [|__Marita Lorenz__] who told of a "caravan" of cars driving assassins from Miami to Dallas on the eve of the assassination.

//** Kennedy put political realism before any form of beliefs when he voted against Eisenhower’s [|__1957 Civil Rights Act__]. The route from bill to [|__act__] nearly served to tear apart the Republicans and the Democrats were almost united to a politician in their opposition to the bill/act. Kennedy had aspirations to be the Democrats next presidential candidate in the 1960 election. If he was seen to be taking the party line and demonstrating strong leadership with regards to opposing the bill, this would do his chances no harm whatsoever. This proved to be the case and Kennedy lead the Democrats to victory over Richard Nixon in 1960. ** // //** However, during the presidential campaign and after he was nominated for the Democrats, Kennedy made it clear in his speeches that he was a supporter of [|__civil rights__]. Historians are divided as to why he was ‘suddenly’ converted. Some saw the opposition to the [|__1957 Act__] as understandable from a political point of view. Others have adopted a more cynical view which is that Kennedy recognised that he needed the ‘Black Vote’ if he was to beat Nixon. Hence why he said in his campaign speeches that discrimination stained America as it lead the west’s stance against the Soviet Union during the Cold War. He also said that a decent president could end unacceptable housing conditions by using federal power. His call of sympathy to [|__Martin Luther King’s__] wife, Coretta, when King was in prison was well publicised by the Democrats. ** // //**<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 21px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px;">Now as president, Kennedy could either ignore discrimination or he could act. He had promised in his campaign speeches to act swiftly if elected. The 1960 report by the Civil Rights Commission made it very plain in clear statistics just how bad discrimination had affected the African American community. ** // //<span style="color: #000000; font: 13px/24px Verdana; margin: 0px;">**<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 21px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px;">57% of African American housing was judged to be unacceptable ** // //<span style="color: #000000; font: 13px/24px Verdana; margin: 0px;">**<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 21px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px;">African American life expectancy was 7 years less than whites ** // //<span style="color: #000000; font: 13px/24px Verdana; margin: 0px;">**<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 21px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px;">African American infant mortality was twice as great as whites ** // //<span style="color: #000000; font: 13px/24px Verdana; margin: 0px;">**<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 21px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px;">African Americans found it all but impossible to get mortgages from mortgage lenders. ** // //<span style="color: #000000; font: 13px/24px Verdana; margin: 0px;">**<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 21px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px;">Property values would drop a great deal if an African American family moved into a neighbourhood that was not a ghetto. ** // //<span style="color: #272727; font: 13px/24px Verdana; margin: 0px;">**<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 21px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px;"> Regardless of his promises, in 1961 Kennedy did nothing to help and push forward the <span style="color: #2c00ee; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;">[|__civil rights__] issue. Why? International factors meant that the president could never focus attention on domestic issues in that year. He also knew that there was no great public support for such legislation. Opinion polls indicated that in 1960 and 1961, civil rights was at the bottom of the list when people were asked "what needs to be done in America to advance society ?" Kennedy was also concentrating his domestic attention on improving health care and helping the lowest wage earners. Civil rights issues would only cloud the issue and disrupt progress in these areas. Kennedy also argued that improving health care and wages for the poor would effectively be civil rights legislation as they would benefit the most from these two. ** // //<span style="color: #000000; font: 13px/24px Verdana; margin: 0px;">**<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 21px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px;">What did Kennedy do to advance the cause of civil rights? ** // //<span style="color: #000000; font: 13px/24px Verdana; margin: 0px;">**<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 21px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px;">he put pressure on federal government organisations to employ more African Americans in America’s equivalent of Britain’s Civil Service. Any who were employed were usually in the lowest paid posts and in jobs that had little prospect of professional progress. The FBI only employed 48 African Americans out of a total of 13,649 and these 48 were nearly all chauffeurs. Kennedy did more than any president before him to have more African Americans appointed to federal government posts. In total, he appointed 40 to senior federal positions including five as federal judges. ** // //<span style="color: #272727; font: 13px/24px Verdana; margin: 0px;">**<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 21px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px;"> Kennedy appointed his brother (Robert) as Attorney General which put him at the head of the Justice Department. Their tactic was to use the law courts as a way of enforcing already passed <span style="color: #2c00ee; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;">[|__civil rights__] legislation. No southern court could really argue against laws that were already in print - though they were very good at interpreting the law in a cavalier way !! The Justice Department brought 57 law suits against local officials for obstructing African Americans who wished to register their right to vote. Local officials from Louisiana were threatened with prison for contempt when they refused to hand over money to newly <span style="color: #2c00ee; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;">[|__desegregated schools__]. Such a threat prompted others in Atlanta, Memphis and New Orleans to hand over finance without too many problems - few if any were willing to experience the American penal system which had a policy of punishment then as opposed to reforming prisoners. ** // //<span style="color: #000000; font: 13px/24px Verdana; margin: 0px;">**<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 21px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px;">Kennedy was very good at what would appear to be small gestures. In American football, the Washington Redskins were the last of the big teams to refuse to sign African Americans. Their stadium was federally funded and Kennedy ordered that they were no longer allowed to use the stadium and would have to find a new one. The team very quickly signed up African American players. ** // //<span style="color: #000000; font: 13px/24px Verdana; margin: 0px;">**<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 21px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px;">Kennedy created the CEEO (Commission on Equal Employment Opportunity). Its job was to ensure that all people employed with the federal government had equal employment opportunities; it also required all those firms that had contracts with the federal government to do the same if they were to win further federal contracts. However, the CEEO was only concerned with those already employed (though it did encourage firms to employ African Americans) and it did nothing to actively get employment opportunities for African Americans. The CEEO was concerned with those in employment within the federal government. ** //

//<span style="color: #272727; font: 13px/24px Verdana; margin: 0px;">COMPREHENSION AND SYNTHESIS // //**<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 21px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px;">In a collision of 21st-century science and decades-old conspiracy theories, a research team that includes a former top FBI scientist is challenging the bullet analysis used by the government to conclude that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in assassinating President John F. Kennedy in 1963. **// //**<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 21px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px;">The "evidence used to rule out a second assassin is fundamentally flawed," concludes a new article in the Annals of Applied Statistics written by former FBI lab metallurgist William A. Tobin and Texas A&M University researchers Cliff Spiegelman and William D. James. **// //**<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 21px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px;">The researchers' re-analysis involved new statistical calculations and a modern chemical analysis of bullets from the same batch Oswald is purported to have used. They reached no conclusion about whether more than one gunman was involved, but urged that authorities conduct a new and complete forensic re-analysis of the five bullet fragments left from the assassination 44 years ago. **//

//**<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 21px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px;">Using new guidelines set forth by the National Academy of Sciences for proper bullet analysis, Tobin and his colleagues at Texas A&M re-analyzed the bullet evidence used by the 1976 House Select Committee on Assassinations, which concluded that only one shooter, Oswald, fired the shots that killed Kennedy in Dallas. **// //**<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 21px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px;">The committee's finding was based in part on the research of now-deceased University of California at Irvine chemist Vincent P. Guinn. He used bullet lead analysis to conclude that the five bullet fragments recovered from the Kennedy assassination scene came from just two bullets, which were traced to the same batch of bullets Oswald owned. **// //**<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 21px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px;">To do their research, Tobin, Spiegelman and James said they bought the same brand and lot of bullets used by Oswald and analyzed their lead using the new standards. The bullets from that batch are still on the market as collectors' items. **// //**<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 21px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px;">They found that the scientific and statistical assumptions Guinn used -- and the government accepted at the time -- to conclude that the fragments came from just two bullets fired from Oswald's gun were wrong. **// //**<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 21px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px;">"This finding means that the bullet fragments from the assassination that match could have come from three or more separate bullets," the researchers said. **// //**<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 21px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px;">"If the assassination fragments are derived from three or more separate bullets, then a second assassin is likely, as the additional bullet would not be attributable to the main suspect, Mr. Oswald." **//

//**[]**//

//**<span style="color: #272727; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 19px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px;">She said that she saw “some men in plain clothes shooting back.” **//

//**<span style="color: #272727; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 19px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px;">She was convinced that the man she had followed was Jack **//

//**<span style="color: #272727; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 19px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px;">Rubyhttp: **//**www.csicop.org/si/show/facts_and_fiction_in_the_kennedy_assassination**

//**<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 12px;">It's possibly history's biggest conspiracy theory—one that over and over has begged the question: was there really only one gunman in the JFK assassination? Not according to science, says physicist and ballistics expert G. Paul Chambers in HEAD SHOT: THE SCIENCE BEHIND THE JFK ASSASSINATION (Prometheus Books, $25.00)—the first book to accurately solve the crime of the century through science and reclaim contemporary American history. **// //**<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 12px;">As the forty-seventh anniversary of JFK's assassination approaches on November 22, 2010, Chambers, a former research physicist in detonation and radiation sciences for the US government, uses the laws of physics and motion to prove compelling new conclusions about the course of events that forever changed the landscape of American leadership. He confirms: **//


 * **<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;">the presence of a second gunman in Dealey Plaza **
 * **<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;">the locations of the assassins **
 * **<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;">murder conspiracy without a doubt **

//**<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 12px;">The conclusions presented in HEAD SHOT: THE SCIENCE BEHIND THE JFK ASSASSINATION aim to correct "the bad science and misinformation that has been disseminated to the American public over the last forty-five years" says Chambers, who argues that the physics behind lone-gunmen theories is not only wrong, but impossible. **// //**<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 12px;">Chambers covers in detail the Warren Commission, challenges to the single-bullet theory, the importance of eyewitnesses, how science arrives at the truth, the medical and acoustic evidence, the physical principle of momentum, the Zapruder film, and convincing evidence for at least a second rifleman in Dealey Plaza.The two most valuable pieces of evidence, he says, are the Zapruder film and the acoustic evidence compiled by the House Select Committee on Assassinations in 1978. "In the high-speed science world, the film record is the most important and telling record you have of an experiment. Then you expect other measurements, such as pressure gages, strain gages, laser interferometers, and so forth, to be consistent with the film record." **// //**<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 12px;">Because the film record and acoustic records in this case agree so well, there is an enormous degree of confidence in the conclusions that stem from them, in this case the presence of a second gunman, Chambers asserts. **//

//**<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 21px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Scientist questions JFK lone killer theory **//

//**<span style="color: #333233; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">John F Kennedy was killed on 22 November, 1963 **// //**<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Two gunmen were almost certainly involved in the assassination of US President John F Kennedy in 1963, according to a new scientific article. **//


 * **<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">One of the sounds matches the echo pattern of a test shot fired from the grassy knoll ** ||
 * **<span style="color: #333300; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">DB Thomas ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">A British forensic scientist backs the so-called "grassy knoll" theory that a second gunman shot at the president at exactly the same moment as assassin Lee Harvey Oswald fired three shots from a book depository. **

//**<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 13px;">The scientist, DB Thomas, has examined recordings of radio channels used by police in the Texas city of Dallas, where the murder took place. **// //**<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 13px;">In his article, he says five separate gunshot sounds can be heard on one of the tapes at exactly the time the president was killed. **// //**<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 13px;">'Mistakes' **// //**<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 13px;">Mr Thomas says mistakes were made in synchronising conversations on the two police frequencies, leading earlier investigations to dismiss the theory that a second gunman opened fire from a grassy knoll overlooking the presidential motorcade. **//


 * **<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">This is an honest, careful scientific examination of everything we did, with all the appropriate statistical checks ** ||
 * **<span style="color: #333300; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">G Robert Blakey ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">His article is published in Science and Justice, the journal of Britain's Forensic Science Society. **

//**<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 13px;">"One of the sounds matches the echo pattern of a test shot fired from the grassy knoll," he writes in his paper. **// //**<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 13px;">That was also the key finding of a congressional investigation by the House Committee on Assassinations that concluded 22 years ago. **// //**<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 13px;">'Random noise' **// //**<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 13px;">But a special panel of the US Research Council subsequently disputed the evidence of a fourth shot, saying it was simply a random noise recorded about a minute after the shooting. **// //**<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 13px;">The congressional investigation concluded in 1978 that President Kennedy was killed by a final bullet from Oswald's rifle. **//


 * **<span style="color: #333233; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Oswald was himself shot dead shortly afterwards ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">But Mr Thomas believes it was the shot from the knoll, seven-tenths of a second earlier, that killed the president. **

//**<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 13px;">G Robert Blakey, former chief counsel of the House Committee on Assassinations, welcomed the new findings. **// //**<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 13px;">"This is an honest, careful scientific examination of everything we did, with all the appropriate statistical checks," he said. **// //**<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 13px;">"We thought there was a 95% chance there was a shot from a grassy knoll. He puts it at 96.3%. Either way, that is beyond reasonable doubt." **// //**<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 13px;">Oswald was himself shot dead shortly afterwards by an assassin, Jack Ruby **// //**<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 14px;">A team of scientists has studied bullets from the same manufacturing lot as those used by Lee Harvey Oswald in the Kennedy assassination in 1963, The Dallas Morning News reported Sunday. **// //**<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 14px;">Dr. Cliff Spiegelman of Texas A&M University says the composition of bullet fragments from the Kennedy shooting did not match the composition of bullets from the same manufacturer. **// //**<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 14px;">Spiegelman, a statistics professor, said the fragments found weren't nearly as rare as a government expert witness, Dr. Vincent Guinn, determined. He said all five fragments came from two bullets fired by Oswald. A third shot missed. **// //**<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 14px;">"The claim was made that those five fragments could only have come from two bullets," Spiegelman said. "Our research showed it could have been two or more. And if it is more than two, there is an increased likelihood that someone else provided one of them." **// //**<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 14px;">The research paper by Spiegelman and colleagues -- "Chemical and Forensic Analysis of JFK Assassination Bullet Lots: Is a Second Shooter Possible?" -- does not say there was more than one gunman, only that the single-gunman theory can't be supported by science. **// //**<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 6px;">The ten-month investigation of the [|Warren Commission] of 1963–1964, the [|United States House Select Committee on Assassinations] (HSCA) of 1976–1979, and other government investigations concluded that the President was [|assassinated] by [|Lee Harvey Oswald]. Oswald was subsequently murdered by [|Jack Ruby], before he could stand trial. This conclusion was initially met with support among the American public; however, polls conducted from 1966 to 2004 concluded approximately 80% of the American public have held beliefs contrary to these findings. The assassination is still the subject of widespread debate and has spawned [|numerous conspiracy theories] and alternative scenarios. In 1979, the House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) found both the original FBI investigation and the Warren Commission Report to be seriously flawed. The HSCA also concluded that there were at least four shots fired, that there was a "high probability" that two gunmen fired at the President, and that it was probable that a conspiracy existed. Later studies, including one by the [|National Academy of Sciences], have called into question the accuracy of the evidence used by the HSCA to support its finding of four shots. **//

Study Backs Theory of 'Grassy Knoll': New Report Says Second Gunman Fired at Kennedy - "The House Assassinations Committee may have been right after all: There was a shot from the grassy knoll. That was the key finding of the congressional investigation that concluded 22 years ago that President John F. Kennedy's murder in Dallas in 1963 was 'probably ... the result of a conspiracy.'" ( [|Washington Post, 3/26/2001] )

Tape: Call on JFK Wasn't Oswald - "Hours after President Kennedy was assassinated, FBI agents reportedly listenened to a tape of a phone call that a man identifying himself as "Lee Oswald" had placed to the Soviet Embassy in Mexico City. They made a startling discovery: The voice on the tape was not Oswald's, government records say." ( [|Associated Press, 11/21/1999] )

Archive Photos Not of JFK's Brain, Concludes Aide to Review Board - "... The central contention of the report is that brain photographs in the Kennedy records are not of Kennedy's brain and show much less damage than Kennedy sustained when he was shot in Dallas..." ( [|Washington Post 11/10/1998] )

The articles noted above, appearing in the Washington Post and Associated Press over the last few years, are the tip of a huge iceberg which has been surfacing recently, largely unnoticed. In the wake of public furor triggered by the Oliver Stone film JFK//, Congress in 1992 passed the JFK Assassination Records Collection Act. From 1993 until the present day, huge numbers of declassified documents, audiotapes of witness interviews and phone calls, and other information on the assassination of President Kennedy have come tumbling out of government archives.//

The disturbing and often convoluted stories told in these files has not reached the public at large. This is due in part to the complexity of the stories, a complexity caused by conflicts in testimony and in the written record. The lack of dissemination of these new findings is also due in part to the passage of time—interest in the assassination of President Kennedy has waned over the years.

But journalists' and historians' failure to convey the amazing discoveries in these government records has a third cause—the fact that there is now abundant evidence of coverup taking place at the highest levels of government after the assassination. Furthermore, and even more disturbingly, the best leads to the nature of the murder conspiracy itself point in the direction of U.S. intelligence agencies and the U.S. military.

Of the many revelations in the new records, two areas stand out. The first is the overwhelming evidence of a medical coverup, undertaken to hide evidence of one or more shots from the front of the Presidential limousine (indicating at least two gunmen). The suppressed interviews of autopsy participants during the 1970s Congressional investigation, and new interviews taken in the 1990s, are chock full of detailed accounts which do not square with the official account of the autopsy nor with the "hard" evidence in the case—autopsy photographs and X-rays. It has long been known that some autopsy photographs and other materials, including tissue slides and the brain of the dead President, have long since gone missing. What is new is credible testimony, from multiple witnesses, that there has been tampering with what physical evidence remains.

The second story has to do with the framing of Lee Oswald for the murder, something which has long been alleged by many who follow the case. But the "new news" concerns tapped phone calls, made by a self-identified "Lee Oswald" to the Soviet Embassy in Mexico City. FBI agents, listening to the tapes in the aftermath of the assassination while Oswald was still alive in police custody, determined that the voice on the tapes was not Oswald's. This impersonation, the reports of which were buried by the FBI and CIA immediately after Oswald's murder, has staggering ramifications. The caller referred to a previous meeting with a man named Kostikov, an Embassy official known to be KGB and, more ominously, suspected by the CIA and FBI of being involved in "wet affairs," i.e. sabotage and assassinations//. The fear that World War III would break out if the Soviets were behind the assassination was then used by the new President Johnson to put together a coverup, as revealed in taped Presidential phone calls and other memos of the post-assassination week. The secret that it wasn't really Oswald, and thus that the "Soviet connection" was faked, seems to have been very closely held—this guaranteed a coverup.//

//﻿//

//﻿THE WOUNDS//

**<span style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"> The back wound **

 * The death certificate, signed by the President's personal physician Dr. George Burkley, an Admiral in the U.S. Navy, gave a location for the back wound lower than found by the later autopsy (either its photographs or measurements). Dr. Burkley believed a bullet to have hit Kennedy at "about" the level of the third thoracic vertebra. Supporting the location of Dr. Burkley is a diagram from the autopsy report of Kennedy, which shows a bullet hole in the upper back. However, this diagram is freehand, and not drawn with any attention to landmarks — a criticism made of it by the later [|HSCA] analysis. **

>> ** Burkley's location at T3 is also about the same location of the bullet hole in the President's shirt and the bullet hole in the suit jacket worn by Kennedy which show bullet holes between 5 and 6 inches below the top of Kennedy's collar. However, again there has been controversy on the matter of whether or not the holes in the president's clothing should be expected to correspond to the location of his back wound, since he was sitting with a raised arm at the time of the assassination, and multiple photographs taken of the motorcade show his suit jacket bunched at the back of his neck and shoulder, so that it did not lie closely against his skin. ** >> ===**<span style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"> The gunshot wound to the head **===
 * 1) ** The wound to the back of the head is described by the Bethesda autopsy as being a [|laceration] measuring 15 x 6 mm, situated to the right and slightly above the external [|occipital] protuberance. In the underlying bone is a corresponding wound through the skull showing beveling (a cone-shaped widening) of the margins of the bone when viewed from the interior of the skull. **
 * 2) ** The large, irregularly shaped defect in the right side of the head (chiefly to the [|parietal bone], but also involving the [|temporal] and occipital regions) is described as being about 13 cm (5 inches) wide at the largest diameter. **
 * 3) ** Three fragments of skull bone were received as separate specimens, roughly corresponding to the dimensions of the large defect. In the largest of the fragments is a portion of the perimeter of a roughly circular wound presumably of exit, exhibiting beveling of the exterior of the bone, and measuring about 2.5 to 3.0 cm in diameter. X-rays revealed minute particles of metal in the bone at this margin. **
 * 4) ** Minute fragments of the projectile were found by X-ray along a path from the rear wound to the parietal area defect. **

>> EVALUATION

//STUDY FINDS THAT MULTIPLE SHOOTERS WERE INVOLVED IN THE ASSASSINATION OF JFK//

//A team of researchers finds the "lone gun man" theory implausable. Some witnesses to the assassination of JFK believe that there was more than one shooter. One witness, Jean Hill claimed to have seen a grassy knoll shooter. Another witness, Ed Hoffman, claimed to have seen the same thing. Yet another witness, Tom Tilson, claimed to have seen a man with a gun(presumably a grassy knoll shooter) scramble down the slope behind the knoll in the minutes that followed the assassination. And, Gordon Arnold, who claimed to have been on the grassy knoll during the shooting, to have heard a shot whiz past his left ear, and to have been confronted by a man who confiscated his camera.// // The "evidence used to rule out a second assassin is fundamentally flawed," concludes a new article in the Annals of Applied Statistics written by former FBI lab metallurgist William A. Tobin and Texas A&M University researchers Cliff Spiegelman and William D. James. The researchers' re-analysis involved new statistical calculations and a modern chemical analysis of bullets from the same batch Oswald is purported to have used. They reached no conclusion about whether more than one gunman was involved, but urged that authorities conduct a new and complete forensic re-analysis of the five bullet fragments left from the assassination 44 years ago. Using new guidelines set forth by the National Academy of Sciences for proper bullet analysis, Tobin and his colleagues at Texas A&M re-analyzed the bullet evidence used by the 1976 House Select Committee on Assassinations, which concluded that only one shooter, Oswald, fired the shots that killed Kennedy in Dallas. The committee's finding was based in part on the research of now-deceased University of California at Irvine chemist Vincent P. Guinn. He used bullet lead analysis to conclude that the five bullet fragments recovered from the Kennedy assassination scene came from just two bullets, which were traced to the same batch of bullets Oswald owned. To do their research, Tobin, Spiegelman and James said they bought the same brand and lot of bullets used by Oswald and analyzed their lead using the new standards. The bullets from that batch are still on the market as collectors' items. They found that the scientific and statistical assumptions Guinn used -- and the government accepted at the time -- to conclude that the fragments came from just two bullets fired from Oswald's gun were wrong. "This finding means that the bullet fragments from the assassination that match could have come from three or more separate bullets," the researchers said. "If the assassination fragments are derived from three or more separate bullets, then a second assassin is likely, as the additional bullet would not be attributable to the main suspect, Mr. Oswald." // // Two gunmen were almost certainly involved in the assassination of US President John F Kennedy in 1963, according to a new scientific article. A British forensic scientist backs the so-called "grassy knoll" theory that a second gunman shot at the president at exactly the same moment as assassin Lee Harvey Oswald fired three shots from a book depository. The scientist, DB Thomas, has examined recordings of radio channels used by police in the Texas city of Dallas, where the murder took place. In his article, he says five separate gunshot sounds can be heard on one of the tapes at exactly the time the president was killed. Mr Thomas says mistakes were made in synchronising conversations on the two police frequencies, leading earlier investigations to dismiss the theory that a second gunman opened fire from a grassy knoll overlooking the presidential motorcade. His article is published in Science and Justice, the journal of Britain's Forensic Science Society."One of the sounds matches the echo pattern of a test shot fired from the grassy knoll," he writes in his paper. That was also the key finding of a congressional investigation by the House Committee on Assassinations that concluded 22 years ago.But a special panel of the US Research Council subsequently disputed the evidence of a fourth shot, saying it was simply a random noise recorded about a minute after the shooting. The congressional investigation concluded in 1978 that President Kennedy was killed by a final bullet from Oswald's rifle. But Mr Thomas believes it was the shot from the knoll, seven-tenths of a second earlier, that killed the president.G Robert Blakey, former chief counsel of the House Committee on Assassinations, welcomed the new findings."This is an honest, careful scientific examination of everything we did, with all the appropriate statistical checks," he said."We thought there was a 95% chance there was a shot from a grassy knoll. He puts it at 96.3%. Either way, that is beyond reasonable doubt."Oswald was himself shot dead shortly afterwards by an assassin, Jack RubyA team of scientists has studied bullets from the same manufacturing lot as those used by Lee Harvey Oswald in the Kennedy assassination in 1963, The Dallas Morning News reported Sunday.Dr. Cliff Spiegelman of Texas A&M University says the composition of bullet fragments from the Kennedy shooting did not match the composition of bullets from the same manufacturer.Spiegelman, a statistics professor, said the fragments found weren't nearl as rare as a government expert witness, Dr. Vincent Guinn, determined. He said all five fragments came from two bullets fired by Oswald. A third shot missed."The claim was made that those five fragments could only have come from two bullets," Spiegelman said. "Our research showed it could have been two or more. And if it is more than two, there is an increased likelihood that someone else provided one of them."The research paper by Spiegelman and colleagues -- "Chemical and Forensic Analysis of JFK Assassination Bullet Lots: Is a Second Shooter Possible?" -- does not say there was more than one gunman, only that the single-gunman theory can't be supported by science. There is immense evidence that more than one gunman was involved in the Assassination of JFK. I firmly believe that multiple shooters was this Presidents demise. //

//POWER POINT//



// **BIBLOGRAPHY** //

// Pietrusza, David. //Mysterious Deaths:John F. Kennedy//. Print.//

// Robson, David. //The Mysterious and Unknown:The Kennedy Assassination//. Print.//

// lindop, Emund. //presidents who dared//. Print//

// Jones C, Rebecca. //The president has been shot//. Print.
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<http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-10/pb-jst101210.php>.